| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Diazolidinyl urea targets microbial proteins and nucleic acids through the release of formaldehyde. Upon application in formulations, formaldehyde interacts with microbial proteins, leading to cell death or inhibition of growth. The mechanism involves formaldehyde reacting with the amino and hydroxyl groups of proteins and nucleic acids, ultimately destroying the structure and function of microbial cells.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Diazolidinyl urea demonstrates in vitro broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against most contaminating microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas. At a concentration of 0.3%, it exhibits antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as P. aeruginosa. Its effectiveness is based on the release of formaldehyde, which interacts with microbial proteins and nucleic acids.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity of diazolidinyl urea is not applicable, as it is a preservative used in topical formulations rather than a therapeutic agent administered systemically. Its antimicrobial effects are localized to the product formulation, preventing microbial contamination.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro antimicrobial assays for diazolidinyl urea involve testing its effectiveness against various microbial strains using standard susceptibility testing methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined against bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other contaminating organisms. The compound's formaldehyde release can be measured using analytical methods.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for diazolidinyl urea are not typically performed, as it is a preservative used in cosmetic and household products. Its antimicrobial activity is assessed using standard microbiological methods rather than cell-based assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for diazolidinyl urea are not applicable, as it is a preservative used in topical formulations rather than a therapeutic agent. Its safety has been evaluated through toxicological studies and regulatory assessments for use in cosmetics and personal care products.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Formaldehyde can be absorbed through inhalation, oral ingestion, or skin contact. It is an essential metabolic intermediate in all cells, produced during the normal metabolism of serine, glycine, methionine, and choline, and can also be produced through the demethylation of N-, S-, and O-methyl compounds. Exogenous formaldehyde is metabolized to formic acid by formaldehyde dehydrogenase at the site of contact. After oxidation to formic acid, the carbon atoms of formaldehyde are further oxidized to carbon dioxide, or incorporated into purines, thymidines, and amino acids via a tetrahydrofolate-dependent one-carbon biosynthetic pathway. Formaldehyde is not stored in the body but is excreted in urine (mainly as formic acid), incorporated into other cellular molecules, or exhaled as carbon dioxide. (L962) Pharmacokinetic data for diazolidinyl urea are not applicable, as it is a topical preservative rather than a systemically administered therapeutic agent. The compound is not intended for systemic absorption. Its formaldehyde release occurs within the product formulation. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for diazolidinyl urea are derived from safety assessments for use in cosmetics and personal care products. As a formaldehyde releaser, it may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. The compound is used at low concentrations (typically up to 0.5%) in formulated products.
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| References |
[1]. Kantor GR, et al. Acute allergic contact dermatitis from diazolidinyl urea (Germall II) in a hair gel. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13(1):116-119.
[2]. Doi T, et al. The different decomposition properties of diazolidinyl urea in cosmetics and patch test materials. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65(2):81-91. [3]. Perret CM, et al. Contact sensitivity to diazolidinyl urea (Germall II). Arch Dermatol Res. 1989;281(1):57-59. |
| Additional Infomation |
Diazolidinylurea is an imidazolidine-2,4-dione. It is an antibacterial preservative and also a formaldehyde releaser. It is widely used in cosmetics, skincare products, shampoos and conditioners, as well as various products including bubble baths, baby wipes, and household cleaners. Diazolidinylurea is found in the commercially available preservative Germaben. Diazolidinylurea can cause contact dermatitis. Its toxicity also stems from its ability to release formaldehyde, which is considered a carcinogen. (L1895)
Diazolidinyl urea (CAS#: 78491-02-8) has the molecular formula C8H14N4O7 and a molecular weight of 278.22. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial preservative that acts as a formaldehyde releaser. The compound is effective against most contaminating microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas. It is widely used in cosmetics, skin care products, and household detergents. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H14N4O7
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
278.22
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| Exact Mass |
278.086
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| CAS # |
78491-02-8
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| PubChem CID |
62277
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.8±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
421.04°C (rough estimate)
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| Index of Refraction |
1.703
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| LogP |
-3.69
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
376
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
O=C1C([H])(N(C(N([H])C([H])([H])O[H])=O)C([H])([H])O[H])N(C([H])([H])O[H])C(N1C([H])([H])O[H])=O
|
| InChi Key |
SOROIESOUPGGFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H14N4O7/c13-1-9-7(18)10(2-14)5-6(17)12(4-16)8(19)11(5)3-15/h5,13-16H,1-4H2,(H,9,18)
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| Chemical Name |
1-[1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl]-1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)urea
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 250 mg/mL (898.57 mM)
H2O : 166.67 mg/mL (599.06 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 4.17 mg/mL (14.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 41.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 4.17 mg/mL (14.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 41.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 4.17 mg/mL (14.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 110 mg/mL (395.37 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.5943 mL | 17.9714 mL | 35.9428 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7189 mL | 3.5943 mL | 7.1886 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3594 mL | 1.7971 mL | 3.5943 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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