| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
DPTIP targets neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), a key enzyme in the production of ceramide and a critical regulator of exosome biogenesis and secretion. By inhibiting nSMase2, DPTIP blocks exosome release, making it a valuable tool for studying exosome biology. DPTIP is a potent inhibitor with an IC50 of 30 nM and is brain-penetrant, enabling studies of exosome function in the central nervous system.
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| ln Vitro |
In astrocytes, DPTIP decreases exosome release by 50% at 30 μM and inhibits EV secretion in a dose-dependent manner (0.03-30 μM) [2].
In vitro, DPTIP blocks exosome (EV) secretion in a dose-dependent manner (0.03-30 μM). At 30 μM, the compound decreases exosome release by 50% in astrocytes. DPTIP is a potent inhibitor of nSMase2 with an IC50 of 30 nM. It is also a brain-penetrant compound, making it valuable for studying exosome function in neurological contexts. These in vitro properties support its use in exosome and neuroscience research. |
| ln Vivo |
DPTIP potently (10 mg/kg IP) inhibits IL-1β-induced astrocyte-derived EV release [1].
In vivo, DPTIP has been studied in a mouse model of brain injury, where it inhibited nSMase2 activity and exosome release. Its brain-penetrant properties enable central nervous system applications. DPTIP has potential therapeutic applications in cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurological research, including hypertension, ischemia-reperfusion injury, pain management, and metabolic disorders. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro enzyme assay for DPTIP involves measuring its inhibition of nSMase2 enzymatic activity. Recombinant nSMase2 is incubated with the compound at various concentrations in the presence of a fluorescent or radiolabeled sphingomyelin substrate. Enzymatic activity is measured by quantifying the production of ceramide or the consumption of sphingomyelin using HPLC, mass spectrometry, or fluorescence-based assays. The IC50 for nSMase2 inhibition is calculated from dose-response curves.
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| Cell Assay |
The in vitro cell-based assay for DPTIP involves culturing astrocytes or other cells that produce exosomes and treating them with the compound to assess effects on exosome secretion. Cells are seeded in multi-well plates and treated with DPTIP at various concentrations (0.03-30 μM). After treatment, exosomes are isolated from the culture media by ultracentrifugation or precipitation, and exosome secretion is quantified by measuring exosomal marker proteins (e.g., CD63, CD81, Alix) by Western blot or by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Mouse[1].
Doses: 10 mg/kg. Route of Administration: IL-1β was injected intraperitoneally (ip) (ip) 0.5 hrs (hrs (hours)) before striatal injection. Experimental Results: Brain concentrations of DPTIP were higher than its IC50 for nSMase2 inhibition at least 4 hrs (hrs (hours)) after compound administration. The number of astrocyte-derived EVs was diminished by 51 ± 13% 2 hrs (hrs (hours)) after IL-1β administration. In vivo animal studies for DPTIP have been conducted in a mouse model of brain injury to assess its effects on nSMase2 activity and exosome release. Mice are administered DPTIP via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection at various doses. Brain tissue is collected for measurement of nSMase2 activity, ceramide levels, and exosome markers. Behavioral and functional outcomes may also be assessed to evaluate the compound's therapeutic potential. Standard protocols for brain injury models are employed. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of DPTIP include brain penetrance, making it suitable for central nervous system research. As a small molecule with a molecular weight of 378.44 and a molecular formula of C21H18N2O3S, it is expected to have moderate oral bioavailability. The compound is soluble in DMSO and can be formulated for in vivo administration. Detailed PK parameters such as half-life, Cmax, and bioavailability are available from preclinical studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of DPTIP has been evaluated in preclinical studies. As an nSMase2 inhibitor that blocks exosome secretion, its primary safety concerns would relate to on-target effects on exosome-mediated intercellular communication. Standard toxicology assessments would include acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in rodents, with endpoints including clinical signs, body weight, clinical pathology, and histopathology. No significant toxicity has been reported in available literature.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
DPTIP is a research compound and has not been approved for clinical use. It is a potent, selective, and brain-penetrant inhibitor of nSMase2 with an IC50 of 30 nM. DPTIP blocks exosome secretion in a dose-dependent manner and has been studied in a mouse model of brain injury. It has potential therapeutic applications in cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurological research.
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| Molecular Formula |
C21H18N2O3S
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| Molecular Weight |
378.446
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| Exact Mass |
378.103
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 66.65; H, 4.79; N, 7.40; O, 12.68; S, 8.47
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| CAS # |
351353-48-5
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| PubChem CID |
1131802
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| Appearance |
Off-white to gray solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
608.3±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
321.7±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.645
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| LogP |
6.05
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
27
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| Complexity |
462
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
S1C=CC=C1C1=C(C2C=CC=CC=2)N=C(C2C=C(C(=C(C=2)OC)O)OC)N1
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| InChi Key |
JMXVHYPSBANVAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C21H18N2O3S/c1-25-15-11-14(12-16(26-2)20(15)24)21-22-18(13-7-4-3-5-8-13)19(23-21)17-9-6-10-27-17/h3-12,24H,1-2H3,(H,22,23)
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| Chemical Name |
2,6-Dimethoxy-4-[4-phenyl-5-(2-thienyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]phenol
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| Synonyms |
DPTIP
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~250 mg/mL (~660.61 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.08 mg/mL (5.50 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 +5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 + to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6424 mL | 13.2118 mL | 26.4236 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5285 mL | 2.6424 mL | 5.2847 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2642 mL | 1.3212 mL | 2.6424 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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