| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Bunamidine acts as a non‑competitive inhibitor of the mitochondrial NADH‑fumarate reductase system in cestodes (tapeworms). By disrupting the anaerobic energy metabolism essential for parasite survival, it causes in situ death of the tapeworm rather than merely facilitating expulsion. This mechanism is specific to cestodes and is not shared by host animals, contributing to a favorable safety margin.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Bunamidine hydrochloride demonstrates an LC50 of 6.4 × 10-⁶ M against Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena, showing 32‑fold greater potency than niclosamide in standardized hamster models of Hymenolepis diminuta infection. It exhibits an MIC of 2-4 microg/mL against vancomycin‑resistant enterococci (VRE), suggesting emerging potential as an antibacterial lead.
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| ln Vivo |
In dogs, oral administration of Bunamidine hydrochloride at 50 mg/kg achieves 82% clearance of Dipylidium caninum tapeworm infections. It is effective against various cestode species, including Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia spp. The compound is well‑tolerated at therapeutic doses and acts within the gastrointestinal tract, with minimal systemic absorption.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Not applicable; as an anthelmintic, Bunamidine is not typically evaluated in non‑cellular enzyme binding assays. However, the NADH‑fumarate reductase inhibition assay can be performed using mitochondrial fractions isolated from cestodes (e.g., Hymenolepis diminuta or Echinococcus granulosus). The enzyme activity is measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring the oxidation of NADH at 340 nm in the presence of fumarate. Bunamidine (0.1-100 microM) is added, and the IC50 is calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
For antiparasitic activity, adult or larval cestodes (E. granulosus, T. hydatigena) are incubated in RPMI 1640 medium containing increasing concentrations of Bunamidine hydrochloride (0.01-100 microM) at 37 degC for 24-72 h. Parasite motility is scored microscopically, and viability is assessed by methylene blue exclusion or ATP content. For antibacterial activity, VRE strains are tested in Mueller‑Hinton broth using standard CLSI microdilution to determine MIC values.
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| Animal Protocol |
For efficacy studies, dogs or cats with confirmed Dipylidium caninum or Taenia spp. infections are dosed orally with Bunamidine hydrochloride at 25-50 mg/kg body weight as a single dose. Fecal samples are collected 7, 14, and 21 days post‑treatment and examined microscopically for cestode proglottids and eggs. Cure rate is defined as the percentage of animals with no cestode segments or eggs in feces after treatment.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Bunamidine hydrochloride is administered orally and exhibits low systemic absorption, with the majority of the drug remaining in the gastrointestinal tract where its cestocidal action is required. Peak plasma concentrations are minimal, and systemic half‑life is short (estimated <2 h). The compound is primarily excreted in feces unchanged, with minimal urinary excretion.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Bunamidine hydrochloride is well‑tolerated in dogs and cats at therapeutic doses (25-50 mg/kg). At high doses (>200 mg/kg), vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy may occur. The drug is contraindicated in pregnant or lactating animals, and care should be taken in animals with pre‑existing liver disease. In rare cases, hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. No carcinogenicity or mutagenicity studies have been published.
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| References |
[1]. Gemmell MA, et al. Treatment of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena in dogs with bunamidine hydroxynaphthoate in a prepared food. Res Vet Sci. 1974;16(1):85-88.
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| Additional Infomation |
Bunamidine hydrochloride is an approved veterinary drug in many countries for the treatment of tapeworm infections in dogs and cats. It is no longer the first‑line treatment due to the availability of praziquantel, which has a broader spectrum and better safety profile. However, Bunamidine remains a useful alternative in cases of praziquantel resistance or intolerance. The compound is not approved for human use.
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| Molecular Formula |
C25H39CLN2O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
419.04
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| Exact Mass |
418.275
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 71.66; H, 9.38; Cl, 8.46; N, 6.69; O, 3.82
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| CAS # |
1055-55-6
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| Related CAS # |
1055-55-6 (HCl);3748-77-4;
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| PubChem CID |
13985
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Density |
0.98g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
495ºC at 760mmHg
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| Flash Point |
253.1ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
3.6E-11mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
7.928
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
14
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| Heavy Atom Count |
29
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| Complexity |
417
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
Cl.CCCCCCOC1=CC=C(C(N(CCCC)CCCC)=N)C2=CC=CC=C12
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| InChi Key |
PBYJDHRFPFHVKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C25H38N2O.ClH/c1-4-7-10-13-20-28-24-17-16-23(21-14-11-12-15-22(21)24)25(26)27(18-8-5-2)19-9-6-3;/h11-12,14-17,26H,4-10,13,18-20H2,1-3H3;1H
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| Chemical Name |
1-Naphthalenecarboximidamide, N,N-dibutyl-4-(hexyloxy)-, monohydrochloride
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| Synonyms |
Bunamidine hydrochloride; Bunamidine HCl; BW62415; BW-62415; BW 62415; Scolaban
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 33.33 mg/mL (79.54 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (3.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 16.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (3.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 16.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (3.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.3864 mL | 11.9320 mL | 23.8641 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4773 mL | 2.3864 mL | 4.7728 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2386 mL | 1.1932 mL | 2.3864 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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