| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside targets α-galactosidase, a lysosomal enzyme that cleaves terminal α-D-galactosyl residues from glycosphingolipids. In the assay, the compound acts as a substrate for the enzyme, and its hydrolysis rate reflects the enzyme's activity in a given sample. This is crucial for diagnosing conditions caused by α-galactosidase deficiency, such as Fabry disease. The compound does not have intrinsic biological activity but serves as a diagnostic tool.
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| ln Vitro |
Utilizing 4-nitrophenol (pNP)-glucopyranoside as a pseudosubstrate, 4-nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside released a notably greater quantity of pNP at pH 4.0 in comparison to other pNP-glucopyranosides; however, no activity was found at pH 7.0. 1]. The yield of galactose residues released from 4-nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside was mostly at pH 4.0, which is the pH level at which the yield threshold decreases the most, according to digestion experiments employing 4-nitrophenyl (pNP) as an artificial substrate [1].
In vitro, this substrate is used in enzymatic assays for α-galactosidase activity in biological fluids, cell lysates, or tissue homogenates. The assay is simple and colorimetric; the release of 4-nitrophenol is measured at 405 nm after stopping the reaction with a basic solution (e.g., sodium carbonate). The enzyme activity is calculated as nanomoles of substrate hydrolyzed per minute per milligram of protein. This compound is also used in high-throughput screening for potential α-galactosidase modulators. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside is not used as a therapeutic agent but may be employed in animal models to evaluate α-galactosidase activity and the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapies. Injected intravenously, it is rapidly cleared and metabolized; however, its use is primarily ex vivo. It serves as a standard for validating enzyme activity measurements in preclinical studies of Fabry disease treatments.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for 4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside involve incubating the substrate with a sample containing α-galactosidase in an appropriate buffer (e.g., citrate buffer, pH 4.5) at 37°C. The reaction is stopped with a basic solution (e.g., 0.2 M sodium carbonate) to deprotonate the released 4-nitrophenol, which is then measured by absorbance at 405 nm. A standard curve using 4-nitrophenol is used to quantify the product. The assay conditions are optimized for linearity and specificity.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular experiments for 4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside are performed on cells (e.g., fibroblasts, macrophages) to measure intracellular α-galactosidase activity. Cells are lysed, and the lysate is incubated with the substrate in citrate buffer. The reaction is stopped and absorbance is read. This is a common method for evaluating the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy or gene therapy in Fabry disease models. The activity is normalized to protein concentration.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for 4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside are not standard, but it can be used ex vivo on tissue homogenates from treated animals. In studies of Fabry disease mouse models, tissues (e.g., liver, kidney, heart) are collected after treatment, homogenized, and assayed for α-galactosidase activity using this substrate. This helps to assess the biodistribution and efficacy of therapeutic agents.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties are not applicable to 4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside as a substrate, as it is not used as a drug. Its use is confined to in vitro and ex vivo assays. The compound is stable in solution for limited periods; it is typically prepared fresh and stored at -20°C.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of 4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside is low; it is used in small quantities in biochemical assays. The hydrolyzed product, 4-nitrophenol, is a known toxicant, but the amounts released in assays are minimal and contained within the reaction. Standard laboratory safety precautions (gloves, goggles) are sufficient. It is not used in vivo at toxic doses.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactoside is an α-D-galactopyranoside with a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at its terminal position. It is an α-D-galactoside and also a monosaccharide derivative.
4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for α-galactosidase, widely used in clinical diagnostics for Fabry disease and in research for lysosomal storage disorders. Its hydrolysis produces a yellow color, providing a simple, quantitative measure of enzyme activity. It is a standard reagent in biochemical laboratories and is essential for the screening and monitoring of α-galactosidase deficiency and the evaluation of therapeutic interventions. |
| Molecular Formula |
C₁₂H₁₅NO₈
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
301.25
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| Exact Mass |
301.079
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| CAS # |
7493-95-0
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| PubChem CID |
82000
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
582.2±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
166-169ºC
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| Flash Point |
305.9±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.648
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| LogP |
-0.55
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
21
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| Complexity |
354
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
O1[C@@]([H])([C@@]([H])([C@]([H])([C@]([H])([C@@]1([H])C([H])([H])O[H])O[H])O[H])O[H])OC1C([H])=C([H])C(=C([H])C=1[H])[N+](=O)[O-]
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| InChi Key |
IFBHRQDFSNCLOZ-IIRVCBMXSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H15NO8/c14-5-8-9(15)10(16)11(17)12(21-8)20-7-3-1-6(2-4-7)13(18)19/h1-4,8-12,14-17H,5H2/t8-,9+,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-nitrophenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol
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| Synonyms |
4Nitrophenyl αDgalactopyranoside; 4 Nitrophenyl α D galactopyranoside
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~16.67 mg/mL (~55.34 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 25 mg/mL (82.99 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.3195 mL | 16.5975 mL | 33.1950 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6639 mL | 3.3195 mL | 6.6390 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3320 mL | 1.6598 mL | 3.3195 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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