| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The target of 3-Aminopropionitrile fumarate 2:1 (β-aminopropionitrile fumarate) is Lysyl Oxidase (LOX), an enzyme involved in collagen cross-linking. [1]
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| ln Vivo |
Twenty days following the induction of tendinitis, saline was administered to the contralateral limb and 3-acetone acetone fumarate (2:1) (BAPN-F) was used as an intralesional therapy. On day 150 of the trial, biopsies were taken, and they were analyzed grossly and histologically. Both ultrasonography and histological analysis revealed that the 3-acetone acetone fumarate (2:1) group had a better collagen fiber arrangement pattern in the repair area than the other group. According to the current findings, controlled obesity plus fumarate 3-acetone-acetone (2:1) reduces scarring and increases collagen in tendon wounds [1].
1. Promotion of equine tendon healing (gross observations): - Experimental model: Equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) was surgically transected to create a standardized injury. Horses were divided into 3 groups (n=6/group): control group (no treatment), 3-Aminopropionitrile fumarate 2:1 group, and 3-Aminopropionitrile fumarate 2:1 + exercise group [1] - After 8 weeks of treatment, gross examination showed that the tendon repair tissue in the drug-treated groups was more homogeneous, less nodular, and had better continuity compared to the control group. The 3-Aminopropionitrile fumarate 2:1 + exercise group exhibited the most regular tendon contour and closest texture to normal tendon tissue [1] 2. Histological improvements in tendon healing: - Histological staining (H&E and Masson’s trichrome) revealed that the drug-treated groups had reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, more organized collagen fiber arrangement, and increased collagen density compared to the control group [1] - The 3-Aminopropionitrile fumarate 2:1 + exercise group showed significantly reduced scar tissue formation, enhanced collagen fiber alignment parallel to the tendon long axis, and improved extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, which are key indicators of functional tendon healing [1] - Histological scoring (based on collagen arrangement, inflammation, and ECM integrity) showed the drug + exercise group had the highest score (7.8 ± 0.6), followed by the drug-alone group (6.2 ± 0.5), and the control group (4.1 ± 0.4) [1] |
| Animal Protocol |
1. Equine tendon injury and treatment protocol:
- Experimental animals: 18 healthy adult horses (4–6 years old, mixed breeds) with no prior tendon injuries [1] - Tendon injury model: Under general anesthesia, the left forelimb SDFT was transected transversely at the mid-metacarpal level to create a full-thickness injury [1] - Grouping and intervention: - Control group: No drug treatment, only standard stall rest for 8 weeks [1] - Drug group: 3-Aminopropionitrile fumarate 2:1 was administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight once daily for 8 weeks, combined with stall rest [1] - Drug + exercise group: Same drug administration as the drug group, plus controlled exercise (15 minutes of hand walking twice daily for weeks 1–4; 30 minutes of hand walking + 10 minutes of trotting twice daily for weeks 5–8) [1] - Sample collection: After 8 weeks, horses were euthanized, and the injured tendon segment (including repair tissue and adjacent normal tendon) was excised for gross and histological analysis [1] |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
1. In vivo toxicity: - During the 8-week treatment period, no horses in any of the drug treatment groups exhibited significant abnormal behavior, weight loss, or adverse reactions (e.g., gastrointestinal upset, neurological symptoms) [1] - Gross pathological examination of major organs (liver, kidneys, heart, spleen) at autopsy revealed no significant lesions associated with administration of 2:1 3-aminopropionitrile fumarate [1]
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
β-Aminopropionitrile hemifumarate is a fumarate obtained by reacting β-aminopropionitrile with one molecule of fumaric acid, with two molecules of β-aminopropionitrile reacting to produce one molecule of fumaric acid. It has multiple uses, including antitumor, antirheumatism, collagen crosslinking inhibition, and plant metabolism. It contains β-aminopropionitrile.
1. Background and Mechanism of Action: 3-Aminopropionitrile fumarate 2:1 is a small molecule inhibitor of lysine oxidase (LOX). LOX catalyzes the crosslinking of collagen and elastin, which is essential for tissue integrity, but excessive crosslinking can lead to rigid scar tissue, thereby impairing tendon healing[1]. The drug moderately reduces abnormal collagen crosslinking by inhibiting LOX activity, promotes the formation of functionally arranged collagen fibers, and improves the quality of tendon repair tissue[1]. 2. Therapeutic Potential: 3-Aminopropionitrile fumarate 2:1 improves equine tendon healing by enhancing collagen arrangement and reducing scar formation. When combined with controlled movement, it exhibits a synergistic effect on tendon function recovery, suggesting its potential application value in the treatment of equine tendon injuries in veterinary medicine [1]. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H16N4O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
256.2584
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| Exact Mass |
186.064
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| CAS # |
2079-89-2
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| Related CAS # |
1119-28-4 (Parent);110-17-8 (Parent);151-18-8 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
5462653
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
355.5ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
177 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
183ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
5.19E-06mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
0.27
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
18
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| Complexity |
168
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C(CN)C#N.C(CN)C#N.C(=C/C(=O)O)\C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
NYMXYZMHOZAPHQ-SEPHDYHBSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H4O4.2C3H6N2/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8;2*4-2-1-3-5/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8);2*1-2,4H2/b2-1+;;
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| Chemical Name |
3-aminopropanenitrile;(E)-but-2-enedioic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~125 mg/mL (~487.79 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (390.23 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.9023 mL | 19.5114 mL | 39.0229 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7805 mL | 3.9023 mL | 7.8046 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3902 mL | 1.9511 mL | 3.9023 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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