| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine targets various cellular processes involved in metabolism, including mitochondrial function and energy expenditure. It has been shown to significantly enhance cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity, which is a key enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. By enhancing COX activity, T2 can increase mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. The compound also affects lipid metabolism, promoting fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipid accumulation. These effects are mediated through both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms.
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| ln Vitro |
3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine (3,3'-T2; 1 μM; 30 minutes) increases COX activity considerably [2]. The maximum effect is achieved at 1 μM of 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine [2]. T3 and rT3 are further broken down to create 3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine [3].
In vitro, 3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine has been shown to significantly enhance COX activity in various cell types. It also stimulates mitochondrial respiration and increases the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. The compound has been reported to have anti-obesity effects by promoting fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipid accumulation. In addition, T2 has been shown to have antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative stress. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine has been studied for its metabolic effects in animal models. Administration of T2 has been shown to reduce body weight and fat mass in obese animals. It also improves lipid profiles and reduces hepatic steatosis. The compound's effects on metabolism are rapid and occur at doses that do not cause the typical thyrotoxic side effects associated with T3 and T4. These findings suggest that T2 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for 3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine involve measuring its effect on COX activity. The assay is performed using mitochondrial preparations or purified COX enzyme. The enzyme is incubated with the substrate cytochrome c and varying concentrations of T2. The oxidation of cytochrome c is measured spectrophotometrically, and the effect of T2 on the reaction rate is determined. The compound's effect on other mitochondrial enzymes can also be assessed.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular experiments for 3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine are performed using various cell lines, including hepatocytes and adipocytes. Cells are treated with varying concentrations of T2, and the effects on mitochondrial respiration, lipid metabolism, and gene expression are assessed. Mitochondrial respiration is measured using a Seahorse analyzer. Lipid accumulation is assessed by Oil Red O staining. Gene expression is measured by qPCR.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for 3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine are conducted using mouse or rat models of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The compound is administered via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection. Body weight, food intake, and metabolic parameters such as glucose, insulin, and lipid levels are measured. The effects on liver and adipose tissue are assessed by histology and gene expression analysis. The compound's safety and tolerability are also assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of 3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine are characterized by its rapid absorption and distribution. The compound has a short half-life in circulation, as it is rapidly metabolized and cleared. It is primarily metabolized in the liver and excreted via the biliary and renal routes. The compound's pharmacokinetic profile supports its use in acute in vivo studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of 3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine is considered to be favorable compared to T3 and T4. At therapeutic doses, T2 does not cause the typical thyrotoxic side effects associated with T3 and T4, such as tachycardia and increased metabolic rate. However, high doses may lead to thyroid hormone-like effects. Standard toxicology studies would be required to fully characterize its safety profile.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyroxine is a derivative of 3,3'-diiodothyroxine. It is a human metabolite. Reports have indicated the presence of 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyroxine in humans, and relevant data are available for reference.
3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine is a naturally occurring metabolite of thyroid hormone that has been shown to have significant metabolic effects, including enhanced mitochondrial respiration and fatty acid oxidation. It has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders. Unlike T3 and T4, T2 does not cause typical thyrotoxic side effects at therapeutic doses, making it an attractive candidate for further development. The compound is also a valuable tool for studying the non-genomic effects of thyroid hormones. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H13NO4I2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
525.07602
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| Exact Mass |
524.893
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| CAS # |
4604-41-5
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| Related CAS # |
3,3'-Diiodo-L-thyronine-13C6;1217459-13-6
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| PubChem CID |
107564
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
2.1±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
520.7±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
178-180ºC
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| Flash Point |
268.7±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.4 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.726
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| LogP |
4.55
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
22
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| Complexity |
385
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=C(C=C1C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)I)OC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)I
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| InChi Key |
CPCJBZABTUOGNM-LBPRGKRZSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H13I2NO4/c16-10-7-9(2-3-13(10)19)22-14-4-1-8(5-11(14)17)6-12(18)15(20)21/h1-5,7,12,19H,6,18H2,(H,20,21)/t12-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3-iodophenyl]propanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~190.45 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.76 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.76 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.76 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9045 mL | 9.5224 mL | 19.0447 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3809 mL | 1.9045 mL | 3.8089 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1904 mL | 0.9522 mL | 1.9045 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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