The primary targets of 1-Dodecanol include the RORγ (retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma) receptor, which it may modulate. As an endogenous metabolite, it may interact with various metabolic pathways involving fatty alcohols. The compound is also a component of Lepidopteran pheromones and sex attractants, suggesting it may target insect olfactory receptors. These targets make it relevant for research in metabolism, endocrinology, and pest control.

In vitro, 1-Dodecanol is studied for its effects on RORγ receptor activity and its role as an endogenous metabolite. It is used in cell-based assays to assess its modulation of RORγ, a nuclear receptor involved in immune regulation and metabolism. The compound’s surfactant properties are evaluated in various formulations. Its interactions with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solutions have been characterized thermodynamically. These in vitro activities support its use in surfactant research, cell biology, and metabolic studies.

In vivo, 1-Dodecanol is an endogenous metabolite found naturally in the body. It is used in various commercial applications, including as a component of Lepidopteran pheromones for pest control. The compound is also used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics as an emollient and surfactant. Its safety and efficacy for these applications have been established through regulatory evaluation. However, its specific in vivo pharmacological effects are limited, as it is primarily used as an excipient or formulation ingredient.

In vitro enzyme/receptor binding (cell-free) assays for 1-Dodecanol include RORγ receptor binding studies. The compound is incubated with recombinant RORγ protein at concentrations ranging from 0.1-1000 μM. Binding affinity is determined using fluorescence polarization or surface plasmon resonance. The compound’s effects on RORγ transcriptional activity can be assessed using reporter gene assays in cell-free systems. All assays include appropriate controls and reference compounds (e.g., known RORγ ligands).

In vitro cell-based assays for 1-Dodecanol are conducted using cell lines expressing RORγ or other relevant receptors. Cells are treated with compound concentrations ranging from 0.1-1000 μM for 24-72 hours. RORγ transcriptional activity is assessed using luciferase reporter assays. Cell viability is assessed using MTT assays. The compound’s effects on immune cell function or metabolic pathways may also be evaluated. Experiments include vehicle controls and positive controls (e.g., known RORγ agonists or antagonists).

In vivo animal studies with 1-Dodecanol are limited for therapeutic applications, as the compound is primarily used as a formulation ingredient. However, its use as a Lepidopteran pheromone component has been evaluated in pest control studies. The compound is applied in field settings or laboratory bioassays to assess its attractiveness to target insect species. For pharmaceutical applications, safety and toxicology studies have been conducted as part of regulatory approval for use in cosmetics and food products. Each study includes appropriate controls.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
After 24 hours of skin-covered contact in mice, approximately 95% of a 100 μL solution of 0.5% 1-dodecyl triethyl citrate remained on the skin. A small amount (0.1%) was recovered from feces and urine, 0.13% from the body, and 2.61% was excreted through the air. These data indicate low skin absorption. Metabolism/Metabolites Frog liver microsomes catalyze the hydroxylation of 1-Dodecanol to the corresponding ω- and (ω-1)-hydroxy derivatives. The hydroxylation rate of 1-Dodecanol is much lower than that of lauric acid. Hydroxylation activity requires both NADPH and O₂. NADH has no effect on hydroxylation. At a CO:O₂ ratio of 4.0, CO inhibits the hydroxylation system by 49%. Compared to the formation of (ω-1)-hydroxyDodecanol, the formation of ω-hydroxyDodecanol was significantly inhibited by CO, indicating that the hydroxylation of 1-Dodecanol involves more than one cytochrome P-450, and that CO has a higher affinity for P-450 catalyzing ω-hydroxylation. The formation of lauric acid during incubation of 1-Dodecanol with frog liver microsomes suggests the presence of a fatty alcohol oxidation system within the microsomes. NAD⁺ was the most effective cofactor for 1-Dodecanol oxidation, while NADP⁺ had a minimal effect. Pyrazole (an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor) had a slight inhibitory effect on the oxidation reaction, while sodium azide (a catalase inhibitor) had no effect. Liver microsomes of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) can catalyze the hydroxylation of various saturated fatty acids (C8-C18), alcohols (C12 and C16), and hydrocarbons (C12) to their corresponding ω- and ω-1-hydroxy derivatives. Among saturated fatty acids, lauric acid exhibits the highest hydroxylation efficiency, with its reactivity as a hydroxylation substrate following the order: C12 > C14 > C13 > C16 > C10 > C18 > C8. The specific activity for lauric acid hydroxylation in gerbil liver microsomes (5.99 nmol/mg microsomal protein/min) is higher than in other species. 1-Dodecanol can also be hydroxylated very efficiently by gerbil liver microsomes (4.58 nmol/mg microsomal protein/min), but overall, the hydroxylation rate of fatty alcohols is much lower than that of their corresponding acids.
Pharmacokinetic properties of 1-Dodecanol include its absorption through oral and dermal routes. As a lipophilic fatty alcohol (logP approximately 5-6), it is expected to have good skin penetration and tissue distribution. Metabolism occurs through oxidation to dodecanoic acid, followed by β-oxidation, with elimination as CO₂ and water. The compound is not expected to accumulate in tissues due to efficient metabolism. Detailed PK parameters are available from safety studies.

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: 1-Dodecanol is primarily used as a chemical intermediate for n-dodecyl sulfate and as a foam stabilizer for alcohol sulfate surfactants. It is also used in synthetic detergents, lubricant additives, pharmaceuticals, rubber, textiles, perfumes, and flavorings. This substance is virtually non-toxic and is listed as a Recognized As Safe (GRAS) food additive in both the United States and the European Union. It is registered as a pesticide in the United States, but approved pesticide uses may change periodically, so it is essential to consult federal, state, and local authorities for currently approved uses. Human Exposure and Toxicity: No irritation was observed in 25 volunteers after 48 hours of exposure to a 4% 1-Dodecanol petrolatum solution; however, significant skin irritation was observed in 5 to 10 volunteers who were exposed to a 25% 1-Dodecanol mineral oil solution on scratched skin once daily for 3 consecutive days. No skin sensitization occurred in 25 volunteers at a 4% 1-Dodecanol petrolatum solution concentration. Animal Studies: Nine out of ten rats died after inhaling 0.2 mL of 1-Dodecanol. Unlike C3-C10 alcohols, the cause of death in these rats was pulmonary edema, not cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. The lungs appeared dark red; seven rats died within 7 to 30 minutes of administration, and two died 5 hours or more after administration. A 1-Dodecanol test was conducted on rats 14 days prior to mating at concentrations of 0, 100, 500, and 2000 mg/kg/day, and no developmental or reproductive toxicity was observed. The administered doses of 1-Dodecanol had no effect on parental fetal weight, weight gain, food consumption, or food utilization. In a carcinogenicity study, skin application to rats previously given an initial dose of dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene three times a week for 60 weeks showed that 1-Dodecanol had weak pro-tumor activity. In another study, 6-8 week old mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 mL of 1-Dodecanol from tricaprylate (high-dose group: 30 mice, dose: 12.0 g/kg; low-dose group: 28 mice, dose: 2.4 g/kg), three times a week for eight weeks. Two of the 30 mice developed papillomas at 39 and 49 weeks of treatment. Two of the 15 female mice in the high-dose group developed lung tumors, compared to two of the 15 male mice and three of the 13 female mice in the low-dose group. In the Ames assay, 1-Dodecanol was not mutagenic against Salmonella typhimurium (with or without metabolic activation) or Escherichia coli (without metabolic activation). However, in fava beans, 1-Dodecanol exposure for 14 hours reduced mitotic activity and caused alterations in chromosome and mitotic apparatus structure. Ecotoxicity: Although Dodecanol exhibits nonpolar central nervous system depressant toxicity of approximately 1 mg/L in aquatic organisms, the substance is readily degraded, and the free alcohol released during production or through dispersed use does not pose environmental problems.

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Toxicity Data
LC50 (Rat)> 1,050 mg/m³/6h

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Interactions
Lauryl alcohol-induced nutritional encephalomalacia can be completely prevented by dietary supplementation with dl-α-tocopheryl acetate.
In the presence of Dodecanol, butanol (30 mmol) enhances the inhibitory effect on the action potential amplitude of the complex.

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Non-human Toxicity Values
Rats Oral LD50 12,800 mg/kg
Rats LC50 Inhalation Concentration >1050 mg/m³ (138 ppm)
Guinea Pig Dermal LD50 >8310 mg/kg
Toxicological data for 1-Dodecanol indicate that it is generally recognized as safe for use in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical applications. No significant toxicity has been reported at typical exposure levels. The compound may cause mild skin and eye irritation at high concentrations. It is not classified as a carcinogen or mutagen. Comprehensive safety data are available from regulatory evaluations. As with all chemicals, appropriate safety precautions should be taken during handling.

Dodecanol is a colorless, viscous liquid with a sweet taste that floats on water. Its freezing point is 75°F (approximately 24°C). (US Coast Guard, 1999)
1-Dodecane-1-ol is a primary alcohol formed when a hydrogen atom on a methyl group in a dodecane molecule is replaced by a hydroxyl group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a pheromone/sex attractant for lepidopteran insects, used to interfere with the mating behavior of certain moths whose larvae damage crops. It is also used in cosmetics, as a pheromone, insect attractant, plant metabolite, pesticide, and bacterial metabolite. It is a primary alcohol and also a Dodecanol.
1-Dodecanol is a saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol derived from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral scent and is used in detergents, lubricants, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terminology, 5th Edition)
1-Dodecanol has been reported to be found in Tulafrancsis, tea trees, and other organisms with relevant data. It is a saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol derived from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral aroma and is used in detergents, lubricants, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terminology, 5th Edition) See also: Alcohols, C8-18 (Note moved here).
1-Dodecanol (Lauryl alcohol) is a saturated fatty alcohol and endogenous metabolite used in detergents, pheromones, lubricating oils, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. It is a component of Lepidopteran sex attractants and has applications in pest control. The compound may modulate RORγ receptor activity and is used in research on nuclear receptors and metabolism. It is not approved as a therapeutic agent but is widely used as a formulation ingredient in various consumer products.

C₁₂H₂₆O

186.33

186.198

112-53-8

1-Dodecanol-13C;88170-32-5;1-Dodecanol-d25;160776-83-0;1-Dodecanol-d26;38086-03-2;1-Dodecanol-d1;14848-65-8

8193

Colorless to off-white <22°C powder,>26°C liquid

0.8±0.1 g/cm3

258.0±3.0 °C at 760 mmHg

22-26 °C(lit.)

115.4±4.6 °C

0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C

1.441

5.13

1

1

10

13

81.2

0

O([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H]

LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C12H26O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13/h13H,2-12H2,1H3

dodecan-1-ol

1Dodecanol; 1 Dodecanol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~536.68 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)