| Targets |
(3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene is a substrate for oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), a key enzyme in the steroid and triterpene biosynthesis pathways. In mammals, oxidosqualene cyclase converts (3S)-2,3-oxidosqualene to lanosterol, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. In plants and fungi, the same substrate is cyclized to various triterpenes (e.g., cycloartenol in plants). The compound does not have a direct pharmacological target but serves as an intermediate and is used as a substrate in enzyme assays.
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| ln Vitro |
(3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene is a nucleoside metabolite and an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. It is used as a substrate to measure the activity of oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) in vitro. Inhibition of OSC leads to reduced cholesterol synthesis and is a target for cholesterol-lowering drugs. The compound has no direct biological activity as a drug, but its downstream product (cholesterol) is essential for membrane integrity and steroid hormone synthesis. The specific Km for OSC is not provided.
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| ln Vivo |
(3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene is an endogenous intermediate in cholesterol synthesis. In vivo, its levels are controlled by squalene epoxidase (SQLE) and oxidosqualene cyclase. While it is not administered therapeutically, inhibitors of SQLE (e.g., terbinafine) are used as antifungal agents, and inhibitors of OSC are studied for cholesterol lowering. The compound itself is used as a reference standard in metabolic studies. In animal models, its concentration in the liver reflects the activity of the cholesterol synthesis pathway.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Not applicable. (3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene is an endogenous intermediate, not an enzyme inhibitor. It is used as a substrate for OSC activity assays. For the OSC assay, microsomal fractions (liver homogenate) or purified OSC are incubated with (3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene (10-100 uM) in assay buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.4, 0.1% Tween-80, 2 mM DTT). The reaction is carried out at 37degC for 30-60 min. The product (lanosterol or other triterpenes) is extracted and quantified by GC-FID or LC-MS.
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| Cell Assay |
(3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene is not used in standard cell-based assays. For hepatic cholesterol synthesis studies, primary mouse hepatocytes or HepG2 cells are incubated with [3H]-acetate or [14C]-mevalonate, and the conversion to (3S)-2,3-oxidosqualene and downstream sterols is measured by radio-HPLC. Specific SQLE or OSC inhibitors can be added to assess pathway activity. The compound itself is used as a standard for quantifying intermediates in the cholesterol pathway.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo cholesterol synthesis studies: Male C57BL/6 mice (8-10 weeks old) are given an intraperitoneal injection of [14C]-acetate (10 uCi per mouse). After 1-2 h, mice are euthanized, and livers are harvested. Lipids are saponified, and sterols are extracted. (3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene is separated by HPLC or TLC and quantified by liquid scintillation counting or LC-MS. OSC inhibitors (e.g., Ro 48-8071) can be administered before [14C]-acetate to assess inhibition of OSC in vivo. The compound is also measured as a biomarker of pathway activity in dietary studies.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
(3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene is an endogenous metabolite. Its concentration in the liver is typically low (ng/mg tissue). The compound is not administered exogenously, so PK data is not applicable. It is synthesized from squalene by SQLE and cleared by OSC. The half-life of the molecule in the liver is short due to rapid conversion to lanosterol. For research use, it is supplied as a lipid-soluble standard soluble in ethanol or DMSO.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
For (3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene, hazard statements not detailed. The compound is an organic molecule and should be handled with standard laboratory precautions: use PPE (gloves, lab coat, goggles), work in a fume hood, avoid inhalation and skin contact. It is an oil at room temperature. Storage: powder at -20degC, protected from light and moisture. Not for human consumption.
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| Additional Infomation |
(3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene (CAS# 54910-48-4) is a research-grade triterpene epoxide and a key intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. It is used as a substrate for oxidosqualene cyclase assays and as a reference standard in lipid metabolism research. It is not an FDA-approved drug. For research use only, not for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
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| CAS # |
54910-48-4
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solids at room temperature
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| Synonyms |
(3S)-Squalene oxide; (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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