Perflexane does not have a specific biological target as a contrast agent. As a perfluorocarbon, it increases ultrasound reflectivity of blood after administration in microsphere form. The compound has been shown to induce memory impairment and neuroprotein downregulation via NMDA receptor-mediated PKC-ERK/AMPK signaling pathways. Perflexane also has developmental toxicity. The compound is a perfluorocarbon-based microbubble formulation.

Perflexane is not evaluated for direct pharmacological activity in cell-based assays as it is an imaging contrast agent. Its utility is assessed by its ability to enhance ultrasound imaging. The compound's effects on NMDA receptor signaling pathways have been characterized in mechanistic studies.

Perflexane is used as an ultrasound contrast agent in vivo to enhance the quality of ultrasound images. After administration in microsphere form, Perflexane increases ultrasound reflectivity of blood. The compound has been shown to induce memory impairment and neuroprotein downregulation via NMDA receptor-mediated PKC-ERK/AMPK signaling pathways. Perflexane also interferes with the estrous cycle in mice. The compound has developmental toxicity.

Perflexane does not have established receptor binding or enzyme inhibition assay protocols. Its properties are characterized by standard analytical methods including NMR, HPLC, and GC. Physical properties: molecular weight 338.04 g/mol; molecular formula C6F14; appearance: liquid; solubility: DMSO soluble. Storage: Typically at room temperature.

Cellular studies with Perflexane are not typically conducted as it is an imaging contrast agent. If used in cell-based research, it would be to study its effects on signaling pathways or as a control compound. Standard cell culture protocols would apply if cellular effects were to be evaluated.

In vivo studies of Perflexane are conducted in animal models for ultrasound imaging. The compound is administered intravenously in microsphere form. Ultrasound imaging is performed to assess contrast enhancement. The compound's effects on the estrous cycle, memory, and neuroprotein levels have been studied in mechanistic studies. Sample sizes typically range from 6-10 animals per group.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
This study investigated the metabolism and pharmacokinetic characteristics of 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b), and perfluorohexane (PFH) in rats. This study was part of a project aimed at investigating the potential health hazards of candidate halon alternatives as fire extinguishing agents. Male Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed nasally to HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC-142b, or PFH at a concentration of 10,000 ppm for 2 hours. Urine samples were collected over 24 hours. Rats were sacrificed at 0 or 24 hours post-exposure, and the tissue distribution of the compounds and their metabolites was determined by gas chromatography and fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC-142b, and PFH were detected in all tissues of rats euthanized immediately after exposure. ... In rats examined 24 hours post-exposure, the concentrations of haloalkanes and their metabolites in most tissues were below the detection limit. ... PFH metabolites were not detected in urine. ...
Molecular Weight: 338.04. Formula: C6F14. CAS No.: 355-42-0. Synonyms: Perfluorohexane, AF-0150. Appearance: Liquid. Solubility: DMSO soluble. Storage: Typically at room temperature. Perflexane is a perfluorocarbon-based ultrasound contrast agent.

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: Tetrafluoroethylene is a liquid. It is used in the electronics industry as a coolant and test tank medium. It is a non-toxic, ozone-depleting, inert reactive medium. It can also be used as a diagnostic aid (ultrasound contrast agent). Human Exposure and Toxicity: No data available. Animal Studies: In dogs with pre-existing pulmonary hypertension, injection of 16 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide lipid microspheres resulted in a transient increase in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) within 2 to 3 minutes post-injection, with a mean increase of 5.7 mmHg (p < 0.05); pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased by 5.9 mmHg/L/min within 4 minutes post-injection (p < 0.05), before returning to pre-injection levels. Toxicity Data
LC (Rats) > 40,000 ppm/6h
Perflexane has developmental toxicity. The compound has been shown to induce memory impairment and neuroprotein downregulation via NMDA receptor-mediated PKC-ERK/AMPK signaling pathways. Standard safety precautions for handling fluorinated compounds should be followed. The compound is intended for research use only and is not for human therapeutic use.

[1]. Perfluorohexane‐encapsulated mesoporous silica nanocapsules as enhancement agents for highly efficient high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Advanced Materials, 2012, 6(24): 785-791.

Perfluorohexane is a fluoroalkane, a compound in which all hydrogen atoms in a hexane molecule are replaced by fluorine atoms. It is used as a radioactive contrast agent and a nonpolar solvent. It is a fluorocarbon, fluoroalkane, and volatile organic compound derived from the hydride of hexane. Perfluorohexane is an ultrasound imaging contrast agent. Its mechanism of action is as an ultrasound contrast agent. Perfluorohexane is a fluorinated hydrocarbon gas used as a contrast agent in echocardiography. When administered in microsphere form, perfluorohexane increases the ultrasound reflectivity of blood. This helps improve the ultrasound signal.

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Therapeutic Uses
Auxiliary Diagnostic Use (Echocardiography Contrast Agent). Imagent is an intravenously administered contrast echocardiographic contrast agent designed to image the left ventricle after passing through the pulmonary circulation. ...Quantitative angiography revealed varying degrees of coronary artery stenosis in patients who underwent 15 Hz high-mechanical-index myocardial contrast echocardiography to measure phase changes in intramyocardial large vessel aBV using either Definity (Group 1; n=22) or Imagent (Group 2; n=22)...When the systolic/diastolic aBV signal ratio was >0.34, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting >75% coronary artery stenosis in Group 1 patients were 80% and 71%, respectively; while when the ratio was >0.43, the sensitivity and specificity were 80% and 71%, respectively. In Group 2 patients, the accuracy for detecting >75% stenosis was 89% and 74%, respectively. By measuring the increase in aBV distal to the stenosis on myocardial contrast echocardiography, the presence and severity of physiological coronary artery stenosis can be detected at rest without any stress.
...Twelve patients underwent transcranial ultrasound angiography (tUSA), performed via a temporal bone window after an intravenous bolus of perfluorocarbon-based microbubble contrast agent (Imagent). The aim was to visualize intracranial vascular segments of the middle cerebral artery (M1, M2, and M3 segments), anterior cerebral artery (A1 and A2 segments), posterior cerebral artery (P1, P2, and P3 segments), and internal carotid artery (C1/2 and C3/4 segments). tUSA is a B-mode phase-inverted imaging technique that uses broadband harmonic signals to generate images…tUSA provides detailed anatomical visualization at native B-mode spatial resolution with fewer artifacts, thus enabling better delineation of intracranial vessels within a 1-2 mm range.
For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of perfluorohexane (16 types), please visit the HSDB record page.
Perflexane is also known as perfluorohexane, AF-0150, Hexane, tetradecafluoro-, and Perflexane [INN]. Its IUPAC name is tetradecafluorohexane. Perflexane is a fluorinated hydrocarbon used as an ultrasound contrast agent. It increases ultrasound reflectivity of blood after administration in microsphere form. Perflexane has been shown to induce memory impairment and has developmental toxicity. No clinical trials have been reported for this compound. Perflexane is for research use only.

337.977

355-42-0

25916-42-1

9639

Course, transparent, needle-like crystals
Liquid
Colorless radiolucent liquid

1.7±0.1 g/cm3

57.8±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg

−4 °C(lit.)

1.2±10.2 °C

227.9±0.1 mmHg at 25°C

1.248

5.65

0

14

3

20

319

0

ZJIJAJXFLBMLCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6F14/c7-1(8,3(11,12)5(15,16)17)2(9,10)4(13,14)6(18,19)20

1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-tetradecafluorohexane

Fluorinert FC72; Perflexane

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)