The host's innate immune system and immune homeostasis depend heavily on the cytoplasmic pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) known as nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). Humans have 23 members of the NLR family, while mice have at least 34 NLR genes. Although many cell types, including immune and epithelial cells, express NLRs, some NLR family members, such as macrophages and neutrophils, express them primarily in phagocytes. The NLR family is most frequently divided into one of four subfamilies based on their N-terminal domains: NLRA, NLRB, NLRC, and NLRP.
The NLRs are capable of recognizing a wide range of ligands, including those produced by microbial pathogens (peptidoglycan, flagellin, viral RNA, fungal hyphae, etc.), host cells (ATPs, cholesterol crystals, uric acid, etc.), and environmental sources (alum, asbestos, silica, alloy particles, UV radiation, skin irritants, etc.). Most NLRs function as PRRs, identifying the aforementioned ligands and inciting inflammatory reactions. Some NLRs, however, might not function as PRRs and instead react to cytokines like interferons. Four broad categories of functions performed by the activated NLRs include inflammasome formation, signal transduction, transcription activation, and autophagy.
| Structure | Cat No. | Product Name | CAS No. | Product Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
V86932 | β-Aminoarteether maleate | 133162-25-1 | β-Aminoarteether maleate (SM934) is an orally active artemisinin derivative. |
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